By modeling the single documents as nodes, the co‐citations as links, and the frequency of co‐citations as link weights, DCA generates a network of connected documents. The obtained DCA network includes both citing (i.e., documents retrieved directly from Scopus) and cited documents (i.e., documents cited by the publications collected from Scopus). Figure 1 depicts the principles behind the DCA and how clusters are identified.
Yet, a drawback of the applied categorization is that it does not consider athletes’ approach to their sport, but only the sport’s structure. In recreational sport, this may be more significant for doping behavior than how vulnerable to doping the sport, or the sport’s category, is. However, the structural difference between Games and other sports when practiced recreationally may explain the finding. While Artistic and CGS sports can be practiced with other objectives than competition (to preserve or improve health or to socialize), Games typically take place as competitions, disregarding the primary motivator and level of practice. Subsequently, compared with the other sports categories, formal structures and a higher degree of organization is needed for Games in recreational sport.
Anabolic steroids have no medical use that’s approved by the government. The anabolic steroids used by athletes are often forms of testosterone made in a lab. Learn more about the effects that performance-enhancing drugs can have on health. Ethical approval for the study, the questionnaire, and the methodology, including the handling and storing of data, was obtained from Saarland University by Dr. Werner Pitsch (Ethikkommission der Fakultät für Empirische Humanwissenschaften und Wirtschaftswissenschaft).
7. Cluster #8: Isotope ratio mass spectrometry
In this sense, epistemic injustice is constituted through practices of knowing that modulate and amplify existing differential power relations. The concept of epistemic injustice has been mobilised widely across various disciplines and empirical topics in medicine and healthcare 9 where issues such as authority, credibility, equity and marginalisation are a feature. Androgens include exogenous testosterone, synthetic androgens (eg, danazol, nandrolone, stanozolol), androgen precursors (eg, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone), selective androgen receptor modulators, and other forms of androgen stimulation. The latter categories of substances have been used by athletes in an attempt to increase endogenous testosterone in a way that may circumvent the ban enforced on natural or synthetic androgens by WADA. Drug abuse in the athlete population may involve doping in an effort to gain a competitive advantage.
Methods to increase oxygen transport
However, while we did find statistically significant differences in the “honest no” estimates between the sports categories, this was likely a consequence of the differences in the INC estimate. Thus, differences in the “honest no” estimate could not, with certainty, be attributed to differences in doping behavior in the different sports categories. This was only the case for the difference in the “honest yes” estimate for Games.
- The survey’s social scientific approach thus measures doping in the intentional or moral sense (doping behavior), rather than doping in the legal sense.
- She also suggests that one way to think about the varieties of epistemic injustice is to ‘consider how persons may be systematically subject to injustice generally speaking and to understand epistemic injustices as intertwined with (and reinforcing) relations of dominance and oppression’ (2017, p. 16).
- However, because the researchers know the distribution from which the random number is generated, they can derive the probability that the respondent is instructed to answer the sensitive question.
- There is a substantive body of feminist literature on women’s bodybuilding 7, 20, 26, 28, which examines bodybuilding and steroids as ‘gender-threatening’ technologies 7, 38.
Other recreational drugs
As compared with other automated methods (e.g., mutual information and latent semantic information), LLR tends to provide the best results in terms of uniqueness and coverage of cluster‐related topics.27, 44 However, we also conducted a qualitative inspection of the clusters’ content to assess the accuracy of the LLR label. As in our previous publications (e.g., Yee et al.17), when the LLR label was not representative of a cluster’s content, we labeled the cluster manually. Images are generated using bibliometrix package for R.25 (a) Ten most productive countries. Identification of the thematic clusters of research through the document co‐citation analysis (DCA). The scientometric analysis was conducted by importing the documents and their references into Citespace (version 6.1.R6, 64‐bit).26 Altogether, the documents retrieved from Scopus cited 200,201 references. Of these, a total of 193,076 references (96.44%) were labeled as valid for further analysis.
In general, studies employing indirect questioning techniques were assessed to have higher quality, than studies using other approaches 2. Given these wide range of topics, some new features of social experience have emerged that have not been a focus of contemporary research to date. In this article, we focused on three important dynamics shaping women’s consumption and wellbeing. Over the past 150 years, no sport has had more high-profile doping allegations than cycling.16 However, few sports have been without athletes found to be doping.
Accumulating knowledge and skill in the absence of gender-sensitive health information
But there’s no proof that creatine helps you do better at sports that make you breathe at a higher rate and raise your heart rate, called aerobic sports. It’s common for athletes who exercise for long amounts of time to use a lab-made type of erythropoietin called epoetin. Some drugmakers and workout magazines claim that andro products help athletes train harder and recover faster. Learn how these drugs work and how they performance-enhancing drug use in recreational athletes can have effects on your health.
Athletes who had received doping sanctions were sometimes taking these sanctions, with their lawyers, to civil courts and sometimes were successful in having the sanctions overturned. The Tour de France scandal highlighted the need for an independent, nonjudicial international agency that would set unified standards for anti-doping work and coordinate the efforts of sports organizations and public authorities. The IOC took the initiative and convened the First World Conference on Doping in Sport in Lausanne in February 1999. Following the proposal of the Conference, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established later in 1999.
Study Selection
- All clusters were automatically labeled using CiteSpace’s log‐likelihood ratio (LLR) algorithm.
- This article draws on concepts of epistemic agency and injustice to challenge common knowledge asymmetries in PIED research that have hindered the development of knowledge rooted in women’s experiences.
- And if I change my steroid regime, I also do another hormone check to test what is the effect of that.
- Given these wide range of topics, some new features of social experience have emerged that have not been a focus of contemporary research to date.
- WADA has also taken the lead in the development of the athlete biological passport concept.61 WADA’s athlete biological passport operating guidelines took effect in 2009.
- When filtering this number for studies that did not address an overall recreational athlete population (but rather specific sports or certain subgroups like for instance triathlon, students, or bodybuilders), and for studies that addressed specific (compound classes of) drugs, just three relevant studies were left.
They can cause the body to lose water, which can lower an athlete’s weight. Diuretics also may help athletes pass drug tests that check for signs of drugs in the urine. Doping with erythropoietin may raise the risk of serious health problems. It also raises the levels of the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body’s organs, called hemoglobin.
2. Data eligibility
While women’s consumption produces new forms of knowledge acquisition and health monitoring, and relatedly epistemological resources for healthcare, it also functions as a disciplinary practice of femininity, in which women modulate their consumption and healthcare to conform to conventional gender norms, a theme we return to below. The use of substances to alter sportive performances is not a new phenomenon. In ancient Greece and Rome, athletes used to combine diet modifications and natural potions to improve their physical fitness and performance in sports competitions.2 The use of stimulants to improve physical performance has not been limited to sportive activities. Drug abuse in athletes is a significant problem that has many potential underlying causes.
3. Document co‐citation analysis (DCA)
These examples from earlier feminist, critical race and postcolonial engagements with the ethics and politics of knowledge production have informed the concept of ‘epistemic injustice’, which aims to illuminate the harms and injustice wrought by epistemic exclusion. Coined in the work of political philosopher Miranda Fricker, epistemic injustice refers to ‘a kind of injustice in which someone is wrong specifically in her capacity as a knower’ (18, p. 20). Pohlhaus argues that epistemic injustices can be understood as epistemic in three ways.
Only 1 review in our study evaluated the potential adverse effects of GH-treated participants.56 They found that participants in the GH group had more soft tissue edema and fatigue (44% vs 1% and 35% vs 0%, respectively) when compared with those in control groups. In addition, this review found that the development of arthralgias and carpal tunnel syndrome were more common in the GH-treated group. Two independent reviewers performed a literature search in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.71 The search results were reviewed with the senior author in the event of disagreement. All search results underwent title and abstract review and potentially eligible studies advanced to a full-text review. In addition, the reference lists of all eligible studies were screened for additional articles that met the inclusion criteria. In general, the long-term effects of performance-enhancing drugs haven’t been studied enough.
